There are a lot of misconceptions regarding beef consumption in Kerala. SO I guess it is important to have a discussion on that .
Most people up north and centre think that only Kerala non-hindus consume beef and that beef eating was forced upon hindus here as some sort of cultural hegemony by the muslims and christians.
The truth is in a grey area, of course being almost 45% of the population the Muslim and Christian communities have a huge cultural influence over the state, much more than in other Indian states. These changes happened over a period or time and most importantly since
Kerala was never under direct Islamic/Christian for a protracted time in any point in history to associate this food habit as being forced on us.
These are my thoughts on how beef and meat eating in general became so popular in Kerala ?
1. Present day Kerala used to be a
deeply forested hilly area (western ghats), with very little plain land suited for agriculture. Most of the human settlements in kerala are on places claimed from the forests and hillsides.
Couple that to a long coastline meant people used to depend on
hunting/gathering and fishing for food since ancient times. This would've carried over to dietary preferences even as more civilised societies emerged.
2.
40-45% population are Muslims + Christians. These communities have been around since
600AD and have lived mixed with hindus throughout the state (
no visibly separate localities or for muslims and christians like in North or central India.)
This lead to a higher level of cultural mixing (including culinary tastes) . After the rise of
caste reform movements in the late 19th century and
socialism both of which
tried to dismantle the highly caste segregated nature of Kerala prior to the 20th century.
Mixed eating was highly encouraged and thus the food habits of the muslims and Christians spread to the hindus and vice versa.
3.
70-80% of Hindus are OBCs and Dalits, who were mostly involved in labour, agriculture etc, beef was/is the cheapest source of proteins for these communities.
This is especially true for the
dalits who were treated as worse than slaves in Kerala society and paid practically no wages. Beef was very cheap back then and given the
reluctance of other communities to eat it , made it an easy source of proteins for them .
4.Huge number of Keralites
travel/migrate to Middle east and western nations, where beef/steak is a staple dish, this made it even more popular and acceptable amongst malayalis. This one of the prime reasons for the increase in acceptance of beef dishes among keralites since the early 60's.
5. Another thing to note is that the Muslims always ate beef. Whereas the hindus and christians, though meat eaters, preferred
mutton,pork over beef. Beef consumption was mainly relegated to the lowest/labour classes till most of the late 19th century.
But
rising prices of all other meat (fish,mutton,pork) made many to switch over to much cheaper beeincreasing prices of mutton and pork over timef .
6. The malayalam/tamil word for cow is "
pasu" which in Sanskrit
means animal given for sacrifice.
m. (instrumental case paś/unā-or śva-; dative case p/aśve-or paś/ave-; genitive case paśv/as-or śos-; dual number paśv/ā-; accusative plural paśv/as-or ś/ūn-) cattle, kine (originally "any tethered animal";singly or collect. "a herd"),
a domestic or sacrificial animal (as opp. to mṛga-,"wild animal"; 5 kinds are enumerated,"men, kine, horses, goats and sheep"[ ] , to which are sometimes added mules arid *****[ vi, 155 etc.] or camels and dogs[ commentator or commentary ]) etc. - See more at:
http://www.pakpassion.net/ppforum/s...od-s-Own-Country-Kerala&p=9261274#post9261274
Read more at
http://www.pakpassion.net/ppforum/s...-Own-Country-Kerala/page2#aSqq77pLru65kvH8.99
http://sanskritdictionary.com/?q=pa%C5%9Bubhi%E1%B8%A5
So there is some credibility regarding claaims that cattle slaughter was very common in pre-vedic and vedic times.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India#Ancient_India
The cow has been a symbol of wealth in India since ancient times.[26] However, they were neither inviolable nor revered in the same way today.[27][28][29] In the Vedic period cows, buffaloes and bulls were frequently slaughtered, both for consumption and in sacrifices. Cattle slaughter and beef eating began to be disfavoured by lawgivers from the middle of the first millennium. The cow was possibly revered because Hindus relied heavily on it for dairy products and for tilling the fields, and on cow dung as a source of fuel and fertilizer. Thus, the cow’s status as a "caretaker" led to identifying it as an almost maternal figure (hence the term gau mata (mother cow)). Buddha pointed out that ritualistic practices like animal sacrifices are not good. This became one of the core preachings of Buddhism, which was later adopted by Hinduism.[30][31][32] Jainism also played a role in cow protection idea in Hinduism.[33] - See more at:
http://www.pakpassion.net/ppforum/s...od-s-Own-Country-Kerala&p=9261274#post9261274
Read more at
http://www.pakpassion.net/ppforum/s...-Own-Country-Kerala/page2#aSqq77pLru65kvH8.99
7. Given that revisionist movements like
Arya samaj (
which tried to reinvigorate Hindu beliefs and customs and revive hinduism in the north), were absent in Kerala, the
elevation of the Cow as one of the most sacred pillars of modern hinduism never really happened here.