There is a quote that is attributed to Theodore Roosevelt: “The head-in-the-air theorists will not succeed in politics any more than in law, or physics, or dry goods. We’ve got to face facts…Strive mightily for high ideals. Keep your eyes on the stars, but don’t forget that your feet are necessarily on the earth.”
This is in effect a call for grounded idealism and an admission that tensions are part of life and that ideals must not become detached from everyday reality and humanity in all its complexity.
In France, republicanism which is a central idea, has in some ways become unmoored with ground realities.
In France it is illegal to collect statistics on ethnic minorities. This stems from the belief that in a secular republic, all should be equal. Worthy as an aspiration, it does not however evade the reality that not all are in fact treated equally. In the words of historian Emile Chabal, “It is hard enough to tackle social problems that are visible; it is much harder to deal with those that are shrouded in silence.”
There are two features of French republicanism that we need to note: abstraction and universalism. On abstraction, to quote the nineteenth century French writer, Émile de Montégut: “There is no people among whom abstract ideas have played such a great role, whose history is rife with such formidable philosophical tendencies, and where individuals are so oblivious to facts and possessed to such a high degree with a rage for abstractions.”
On universalism, there is this sense, that its great philosophers were speaking not just for themselves or the French but for the whole world. The French writer, Jean d’Ormesson, put it as: “More than any nation, France is haunted by a yearning towards universality.” There is this feeling of France symbolising or aspiring to embody universal principles.
Universalism and abstract thought has its positive aspects in sustaining high minded idealism. To quote Chabal again, “Because republican values are anchored in abstract principles such as equality, liberty, popular sovereignty and freedom of expression, they hold out the promise that they are accessible to all, regardless of origin, colour or creed.”
But the flip side to universalism is that it can lead to arrogance and can be a disabling mindset when dealing with difference. The specific or particular which does not quite fit with the universal viewpoint becomes difficult to understand. In the end this becomes a problem with acknowledging difference and accepting diversity.