The topic is quite interesting from a historical perspective.
Indeed it is.
The Khilafat movement elicited strong emotions among many Indian Muslims. Many factors were at play, but I think central was the sense of civilisational decline and rupture from the past. Turkey represented the last great fragment of Muslim civilisation, a living symbol of a former Islamic glory.
A poem by Shibli Nomani, on the tumult (
hungama) of the Balkans, brings to life this feeling. Though written before the War of Independence, against the background of the Tripolitan and Balkan wars, it is a lament for the fate of Turkey and what it meant for the Muslim community more widely. Each couplet of Shibli’s poem ends with “how long” (
kab tak). How long will the Ottoman Empire, which he refers to as a guttering candle (
Chiragh-e kashta), last? Morocco has gone, Persia has gone; how long will Turkey - the ‘sick man of Europe’ (
mariz-e sakht jan) - last? How long will the sighs of the oppressed be able to withstand the flood of misery coming from the Balkans? In the final couplet he asks if he wants to migrate, there is still Syria, Najd and Kairouan, but for how long?
Margrit Pernau has argued that in the aftermath of the 1857 Rebellion, there was an intensification of emotion in Muslim discourse. There was a shift from an emphasis on
adl, that is balance, harmony, to
josh, that is fervour, ebullience. The Khilafat movement was certainly suffused by
josh. Central figures in the Khilafat drama were, of course, the Ali brothers. Here is a poem that became especially famous from that period and was recited for many years afterwards:
boli amma Muhammad Ali ki
jaan beta khilafat pe de do
saath tere hai Shaukat Ali bhi
jaan beta khilafat pe de do
buddhi amma ka kuchh gham na karna
kalma padh kar khilafat par marna
puure iss imtehaan mein utarna
jaan beta khilafat pe de do
hote mere agar saat bete
karti sab ko khilafat pe sadqe
hain yahin deen-e-Ahmed ke raste
jaan beta khilafat pe de do
[So spoke Muhammad Ali’s mother / give your life, son, for Khilafat / with you is Shaukat Ali, too/ give your life, son, for Khilafat / do not give this old mother any cause for sorrow / confess your faith; die for Khilafat / for this test, give absolutely your all / give your life, son, for Khilafat / even if I had seven sons / I would sacrifice them all for Khilafat / for this is the way of the Prophet / give your life, son, for Khilafat]