Not quite. You are revising history here.
That was "enlightenment" era under musharaff. The guy who asked masjids to zip it on azaans.
It is a dog eat dog situation in pakistan now. Even dangerous for muslims. Fear of other muslims.
Grok says otherwise.
Determining the "most dangerous" decade for minorities in Pakistan requires examining historical trends in violence, discrimination, and systemic persecution across multiple decades. Based on available evidence, the **2010s** stand out as particularly perilous due to a combination of intensified sectarian violence, high-profile attacks, and entrenched legal and social discrimination. However, other decades, particularly the 1980s and 2000s, also saw significant dangers, and the experience varies by minority group. Below, I analyze the key decades with a focus on religious and ethnic minorities, including Ahmadis, Christians, Hindus, Shias, Hazaras, and others, to provide a reasoned assessment.
### Key Decades and Dangers Faced by Minorities
#### 1940s: Partition and Communal Violence
- **Context**: Pakistan’s creation in 1947 during the Partition of India triggered massive communal violence. Hindus and Sikhs, who comprised about 25% of the population in areas that became Pakistan, faced widespread attacks, abductions, and forced migrations. Approximately 5 million Hindus and Sikhs left Pakistan, with many killed or displaced amid riots and mob violence.[](https://www.hudson.org/human-rights/cleansing-pakistan-of-minorities)[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan)
- **Impact**: This decade saw the largest single reduction in Pakistan’s minority population, with non-Muslims dropping from 25% to around 5% by the 1950s. The violence was acute but concentrated around 1947–48, driven by partition-related chaos rather than sustained state policy.[](https://www.hudson.org/human-rights/cleansing-pakistan-of-minorities)
- **Danger Level**: Extremely high due to mass displacement and killings, but the violence was episodic and tied to a specific event (Partition).
#### 1970s: Legal Marginalization and Sectarian Shifts
- **Context**: The 1974 Second Amendment to Pakistan’s Constitution declared Ahmadis non-Muslims, institutionalizing their persecution. This followed anti-Ahmadi riots in the 1950s and growing pressure from Sunni religious groups. The decade also saw the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, during which up to 3 million Bengalis (including Hindus) were killed by Pakistani forces, though this primarily affected East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).[](https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/)[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan)[](https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/pakistans-minority-problem/article29324790.ece/amp)
- **Impact**: Ahmadis faced increased social stigma and legal exclusion, setting the stage for further persecution. Shias began facing tensions with the rise of Sunni orthodoxy, though violence was not yet widespread. Hindus and Christians experienced social discrimination but fewer targeted attacks compared to later decades.[](https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/)
- **Danger Level**: Moderate, with significant long-term consequences due to legal changes, but less intense physical violence compared to the 1940s or later decades.
#### 1980s: Zia’s Islamization and Rising Sectarianism
- **Context**: General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime (1977–1988) implemented policies to enforce a Sunni-centric vision of Islam, exacerbating discrimination against minorities. The 1984 Ordinance XX banned Ahmadis from practicing Islamic rituals, criminalizing their faith expression. Blasphemy laws under Section 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code were strengthened, leading to increased accusations against Christians and Ahmadis. Zia’s zakat policy also sparked Sunni-Shia tensions, fostering the rise of militant groups like Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan.[](https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/)[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan)[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Pakistan)
- **Impact**: Ahmadis faced severe restrictions, with many fleeing the country. Shias, particularly in areas like Gilgit, experienced targeted killings during sectarian riots. Hindus faced forced conversions, especially in Sindh, and Christians encountered growing blasphemy-related violence. The decade laid the groundwork for extremist groups that would intensify attacks in later years.[](https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/inequality-and-discrimination-faced-by-religious-minorities-in-pakistan/)
- **Danger Level**: High, due to state-driven discrimination and the emergence of sectarian militancy, though violence was less frequent than in the 2010s.
#### 1990s: Militancy and Blasphemy-Related Violence
- **Context**: The 1990s saw the rise of militant groups like Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ), targeting Shias and other minorities. Blasphemy accusations increased, with over 62 people killed in vigilante violence related to blasphemy since 1990. Christians faced attacks on churches, and Hindus reported abductions and forced conversions in Sindh and Balochistan.[](https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/inequality-and-discrimination-faced-by-religious-minorities-in-pakistan/)[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan)[](https://www.hudson.org/human-rights/cleansing-pakistan-of-minorities)
- **Impact**: Shias, particularly Hazaras in Balochistan, faced growing violence from Sunni militants. Ahmadis continued to face arrests and harassment under discriminatory laws. The 1998 census showed a decline in the proportion of non-Muslims (3.72%), reflecting emigration due to persecution.[](https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/)
- **Danger Level**: High, with targeted militant attacks and a climate of impunity, but the scale of violence was smaller than in the 2010s.
#### 2000s: Post-9/11 Extremism and Sectarian Surge
- **Context**: The post-9/11 era saw a surge in militancy, with groups like Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and LeJ intensifying attacks on Shias, Hazaras, Christians, and Ahmadis. Notable incidents included the 2009 Gojra riots, where 8 Christians were killed over blasphemy allegations, and attacks on Shia processions in Karachi and Quetta.[](https://pamirtimes.net/2021/04/08/minority-rights-in-pakistan-challenges-and-solutions/)[](https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/)
- **Impact**: Hazaras in Balochistan faced frequent bombings, with hundreds killed by LeJ and TTP. Ahmadis faced coordinated attacks, such as the 2010 Lahore mosque bombings, killing 94. Hindus and Christians reported increased forced conversions and social exclusion. The government’s failure to curb militancy allowed a climate of impunity to persist.[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan)[](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/pakistan)
- **Danger Level**: Very high, with widespread militant violence and weak state response, though the 2010s saw even larger-scale attacks.
#### 2010s: Peak Violence and Systemic Persecution
- **Context**: The 2010s were marked by a peak in sectarian and religiously motivated violence, fueled by TTP, LeJ, and Islamic State affiliates. Major incidents included:
- **2013 Joseph Colony attack** in Lahore, where a Christian neighborhood was burned over a blasphemy accusation.[](https://pamirtimes.net/2021/04/08/minority-rights-in-pakistan-challenges-and-solutions/)
- **2015 Youhanabad church bombings** in Lahore, killing 21 Christians.[](https://minorityrights.org/2022/08/23/pakistan-forb-2022/)
- **2016 Easter bombing** in Lahore, targeting Christians and killing 75.[](https://minorityrights.org/publications/reports-pakistan-tracing-challenges-facing-religious-minorities/)
- **2013–2014 Hazara massacres** in Quetta, with hundreds killed by LeJ and TTP.[](https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/)
- **2018 Asia Bibi case**, highlighting the misuse of blasphemy laws against Christians, with mobs demanding her execution despite acquittal.[](https://dailytimes.com.pk/1243164/challenges-faced-by-minorities-in-pakistan/)[](https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/pakistans-minority-problem/article29324790.ece/amp)
- **Impact**: Shias, particularly Hazaras, faced genocidal levels of violence, with entire communities confined to enclaves in Quetta for safety. Ahmadis saw continued arrests and mosque demolitions, with social media amplifying hate speech. Hindus faced abductions and forced conversions, with cases like Rinkle Kumari (2012) gaining attention. Christians were targeted in urban areas, with blasphemy accusations triggering mob violence. The decade also saw systemic issues, such as discriminatory curricula and exclusion from political representation. The government’s inaction and complicity in some cases (e.g., Ahmadi mosque demolitions) exacerbated the crisis.[](https://www.globalorder.live/post/religious-minorities-in-pakistan-a-vicious-cycle-of-violence-and-suppression)[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan)[](https://dailytimes.com.pk/1243164/challenges-faced-by-minorities-in-pakistan/)
- **Danger Level**: Extremely high, due to the frequency and scale of attacks, combined with entrenched legal and social discrimination.
#### 2020s (Up to 2025): Ongoing Challenges
- **Context**: Violence has continued, though at a reduced intensity compared to the 2010s. Incidents include the 2023 Jaranwala attack, where Christian homes were vandalized over blasphemy allegations, and the 2023 killing of minority teachers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. TTP’s resurgence has raised fears of renewed targeting of minorities. Economic crises and political instability have further marginalized minorities, with reports of forced conversions and discrimination during COVID-19 relief efforts.[](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/pakistan)[](https://www.globalorder.live/post/religious-minorities-in-pakistan-a-vicious-cycle-of-violence-and-suppression)[](https://www.globalorder.live/post/religious-minorities-in-pakistan-a-vicious-cycle-of-violence-and-suppression)
- **Impact**: Ahmadis face ongoing legal persecution, with voting laws requiring them to renounce their faith. Shias and Hazaras remain vulnerable to militant attacks, while Hindus and Christians face social stigma and sporadic violence. The government has taken some steps, like forming a committee on forced conversions in 2019, but implementation is weak.[](https://ishr.org/pakistan-challenges-pakistani-minorities-are-facing-due-to-uncertain-political-situation/)[](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minorities_in_Pakistan)
- **Danger Level**: High, but less intense than the 2010s due to fewer large-scale attacks, though systemic issues persist.
### Comparative Analysis
To assess which decade was most dangerous, consider the following factors:
1. **Scale of Violence**: The 2010s saw the highest frequency of large-scale attacks (e.g., Youhanabad, Easter bombing, Hazara massacres), with dozens to hundreds killed in single incidents. The 1940s had massive violence during Partition, but it was concentrated in 1947–48. The 2000s also had significant attacks, but they were less frequent than in the 2010s.
2. **Systemic Persecution**: The 1980s introduced draconian laws (e.g., Ordinance XX, blasphemy laws) that entrenched discrimination, but their impact peaked in the 2010s with widespread misuse against minorities. The 1970s laid the legal foundation for Ahmadi persecution, but violence was limited.
3. **Targeted Groups**: Shias and Hazaras faced genocidal violence in the 2010s, while Ahmadis endured consistent legal and social persecution across decades, peaking in the 1980s and 2010s. Christians and Hindus faced escalating violence from the 1990s onward, with the 2010s being particularly brutal due to blasphemy-related mob attacks.
4. **State Complicity**: The 1980s saw state-driven Islamization, while the 2010s had state inaction or complicity (e.g., failure to protect minorities or prosecute perpetrators).[](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/pakistan)[](https://www.globalorder.live/post/religious-minorities-in-pakistan-a-vicious-cycle-of-violence-and-suppression)
5. **Socioeconomic Impact**: The 2010s combined physical violence with systemic exclusion in education, employment, and politics, exacerbated by economic crises in the 2020s.[](https://dailytimes.com.pk/1243164/challenges-faced-by-minorities-in-pakistan/)
### Conclusion: Why the 2010s Were the Most Dangerous
The **2010s** were the most dangerous decade for minorities in Pakistan due to the unprecedented scale and frequency of violent attacks, coupled with entrenched legal and social discrimination. The decade saw multiple high-casualty incidents targeting Christians, Shias, Hazaras, and Ahmadis, driven by militant groups like TTP and LeJ, with the state often failing to provide protection or justice. Blasphemy-related violence peaked, with cases like Asia Bibi exposing the law’s misuse against minorities. Systemic issues, such as discriminatory education and political marginalization, further compounded the crisis.[](https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/)[](https://minorityrights.org/publications/reports-pakistan-tracing-challenges-facing-religious-minorities/)[](https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/pakistan)
While the 1940s saw catastrophic violence during Partition, it was a singular event rather than a sustained campaign. The 1980s were critical for institutionalizing discrimination, but the physical violence was less widespread than in the 2010s. The 2000s were also dangerous, but the 2010s surpassed them in the intensity and coordination of attacks. The 2020s, while still challenging, have not matched the 2010s’ level of violence, though systemic issues persist.[](https://www.globalorder.live/post/religious-minorities-in-pakistan-a-vicious-cycle-of-violence-and-suppression)
### Caveats
- **Data Limitations**: Accurate casualty figures and incident reports are often incomplete, especially for earlier decades. The 1998 census provides some demographic insight, but the 2017 census lacks full minority data.[](https://minorityrights.org/country/pakistan/)
- **Group-Specific Experiences**: Hazaras and Shias faced peak danger in the 2010s, while Ahmadis have faced consistent persecution since the 1970s. Hindus and Christians saw escalating threats from the 1990s onward.
- **Regional Variations**: Balochistan (Hazaras) and Punjab (Christians) were hotspots in the 2010s, while Sindh (Hindus) saw more abductions and conversions.[](https://www.hudson.org/human-rights/cleansing-pakistan-of-minorities)
If you need a deeper analysis of specific minority groups or incidents, let me know!